Collagen promoting macrophage polarization into M1 inflammatory phenotype / 解剖学报

Objective: To investigate the effect of collagen on Ml macrophage polarization in vivo and in vitro study. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used to detect the distribution of macrophages in clinical colorectal tumor, and the distribution of macrophages in orthotopic carcinoma model mice. Masson staining was used to detect collagen fibers in tumor tissues. The mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured on the cell culture dish coated by different concentration of type I collagen, then determine the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor(TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD163, CD206 by using Real-time PCR method. Results: Macrophages were mainly distributed in the stroma of tumor tissue in human colon cancer tissue and mouse carcinoma samples, tumor-associated macrophages there were mainly Ml-type, while macrophages in the parenchymal area of tumor tissue were mainly M2 macrophages; Type I collagen induces macrophages polarization into Ml phenotype and inhibits the macrophages to the tumor-promoting M2-type in vitro; Masson staining showed that collagen fibers were mainly distributed in the stroma of tumor tissue both in human and mouse tumor, and collagen fibers around the tumor parenchymal cells were less, however, collagen fibers were abundant in the stroma of tumor tissue. Conclusion: Type I collagen induces the polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype, while the decrease of collagen fibers around the tumor parenchymal cells may be one of the related factors for the M2 polarization of macrophages which can promote the progression and invasion and metastasis of tumors.

Anatomic study of malar fat pad and aging analysis / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the midface aging mechanism through anatomic study of malar fat pad.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>10 fresh adult cadaveric heads (20 sides) fixed by vascular perfusion of formalin were used for anatomic study with microsurgery technique under microscope. The midfacial ligament and connective tissue between skin and subcutaneous fat were observed carefully in different parts of midface. The location, shape and extent of malar fat pad was also recorded and photographed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The malar fat pad has a triangle shape. The bottom is a curve along the orbicularis retaining ligament at the lower eyelid. The fat pad is extended internally to the nasolabial fold and labiomandibular fold, externally from the major zygomatic muscle end point at the malar surface to the angulus oris and submandibular edge. (2) The malar fat pad is composed of meshed fibrous tissue, with big fat particles in it. It becomes tight when being stretched in horizontal direction along nasolabial fold and loosen when being stretched in vertical direction. (3) There is tight connection between skin and fat pad, which is divided into four areas as I, II, III, IV. The areas I, II, III are strip-shaped parelled to the nasolabial fold. The area IV is a irregular quadrilateral. (4) There are six fixation ligaments between malar fat pad and deep tissue: orbicularis retaining ligament upper layer of lower eyelid, orbicularis retaining ligament substratum of lower eyelid, zygomaticus ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament substratum, platysma There are four closely connected areas cutaneous forward ligament, cheek maxilla ligament.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>between the facial skin and malar fat pad which makes malar fat pad and skin keep relatively consistent. The malar fat pad moving down mainly resulted from slack of ligaments support which is one of the reasons for aging face.</p>

3-dimensional visualization study of angle nerve of facial nerve / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To validate the previous anatomic study result about angle nerve of facial nerve through 3-dimensional (3-D) visualization technique, so as to provide theory basis for clinic treatment of nerve loss.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The full-thickness soft tissue at internal side of inner canthus was harvested from adult cadaveric head. The skin was 3 cm in length and 1 cm in width, with 2 parallel cut lines as location markers. The specimen was sliced continuously into 120 slices, with 10 microm in thickness for every slice, 0.25 mm apart. The slices underwent HE staining and 2-D digital image was gained by high resolution scanner. Then 3-D reconstruction was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) It showed the 3-D structures and routes of angle nerve, as well as the relationship between angle nerve and angle arteriovenous. All the reconstructed structures can be displayed together or separately, also from any angles. (2) It confirmed the accuracy of microscopic anatomy study about angle nerve. (3) The 3-D reconstruction of angle nerve, as well as the surrounding structure could be very useful for clinical application.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on the histologic study and computer technology, the 3-D reconstruction of angle nerve could provide accurate basis for the feasibility of clinic treatment of angle nerve loss.</p>